Thursday, August 30, 2012

Repair of Vehicle Bodies 4

ကားေဘာဒီ အလုပ္ရံု နဲ႕ ေဆးမွူတ္ လုပ္ငန္းလုပ္ကိုင္သူေတြ အတြက္ေတာ့ အေတာ္အသံုး၀င္မယ့္ စာအုပ္ လို႕ျမင္ပါတယ္။
ကြ်န္ေတာ္တို႕ဆီမွာ ကားေဘာ္ဒီသမား ေတြတူ ေတြနဲ႕ ထုဟ ႏွက္ ဟနဲ႕ လုပ္ၾကကိုင္ၾကပါတယ္ ။ နားေတာ့ပူသလား မေမးနဲ႕ တဂြမ္းဂြမ္းေနတာပဲ။ ေဆးမွုတ္တဲ့သူကလည္း compressor နဲ႕ တရြီးရြွီးမွုတ္ၾကပါတယ္။ အနားသြားလိုက္ရင္ ေဆးအနံ႕ေတြ လိွုင္ေနတာပါပဲ၊
ဒီစာအုပ္ ထဲမွာ ၾကိဳက္တာတခုက ေဖာ္ျပပါလုပ္ငန္းနဲ႕ပက္သက္တဲ႕ health and saftey အခန္းတခုပါ ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ ဒီလုပ္ငန္း သံုးတဲ့ meatal and nonmetal ေတြ အေၾကာင္း ၊ ေနာက္ joining method ေတြအေၾကာင္း ေဆးမွူတ္လုပ္ငန္းနဲ႕ပက္သက္ရင္ colour mixing အေၾကာင္းေတြက စိတ္၀င္စားဖို႕ေကာင္းပါတယ္ ။ လိုအပ္ရင္ ေအာက္ကလင့္မွာ ေဒါင္းသြားႏိုင္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ား၊

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Wednesday, August 29, 2012

Repair of Vehicle Bodies 3

ကားေဘာဒီ အလုပ္ရံု နဲ႕ ေဆးမွူတ္ လုပ္ငန္းလုပ္ကိုင္သူေတြ အတြက္ေတာ့ အေတာ္အသံုး၀င္မယ့္ စာအုပ္ လို႕ျမင္ပါတယ္။
ကြ်န္ေတာ္တို႕ဆီမွာ ကားေဘာ္ဒီသမား ေတြတူ ေတြနဲ႕ ထုဟ ႏွက္ ဟနဲ႕ လုပ္ၾကကိုင္ၾကပါတယ္ ။ နားေတာ့ပူသလား မေမးနဲ႕ တဂြမ္းဂြမ္းေနတာပဲ။ ေဆးမွုတ္တဲ့သူကလည္း compressor နဲ႕ တရြီးရြွီးမွုတ္ၾကပါတယ္။ အနားသြားလိုက္ရင္ ေဆးအနံ႕ေတြ လိွုင္ေနတာပါပဲ၊
ဒီစာအုပ္ ထဲမွာ ၾကိဳက္တာတခုက ေဖာ္ျပပါလုပ္ငန္းနဲ႕ပက္သက္တဲ႕ health and saftey အခန္းတခုပါ ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ ဒီလုပ္ငန္း သံုးတဲ့ meatal and nonmetal ေတြ အေၾကာင္း ၊ ေနာက္ joining method ေတြအေၾကာင္း ေဆးမွူတ္လုပ္ငန္းနဲ႕ပက္သက္ရင္ colour mixing အေၾကာင္းေတြက စိတ္၀င္စားဖို႕ေကာင္းပါတယ္ ။ လိုအပ္ရင္ ေအာက္ကလင့္မွာ ေဒါင္းသြားႏိုင္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ား၊

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Repair of Vehicle Bodies 2

ကားေဘာဒီ အလုပ္ရံု နဲ႕ ေဆးမွူတ္ လုပ္ငန္းလုပ္ကိုင္သူေတြ အတြက္ေတာ့ အေတာ္အသံုး၀င္မယ့္ စာအုပ္ လို႕ျမင္ပါတယ္။
ကြ်န္ေတာ္တို႕ဆီမွာ ကားေဘာ္ဒီသမား ေတြတူ ေတြနဲ႕ ထုဟ ႏွက္ ဟနဲ႕ လုပ္ၾကကိုင္ၾကပါတယ္ ။ နားေတာ့ပူသလား မေမးနဲ႕ တဂြမ္းဂြမ္းေနတာပဲ။ ေဆးမွုတ္တဲ့သူကလည္း compressor နဲ႕ တရြီးရြွီးမွုတ္ၾကပါတယ္။ အနားသြားလိုက္ရင္ ေဆးအနံ႕ေတြ လိွုင္ေနတာပါပဲ၊
ဒီစာအုပ္ ထဲမွာ ၾကိဳက္တာတခုက ေဖာ္ျပပါလုပ္ငန္းနဲ႕ပက္သက္တဲ႕ health and saftey အခန္းတခုပါ ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ ဒီလုပ္ငန္း သံုးတဲ့ meatal and nonmetal ေတြ အေၾကာင္း ၊ ေနာက္ joining method ေတြအေၾကာင္း ေဆးမွူတ္လုပ္ငန္းနဲ႕ပက္သက္ရင္ colour mixing အေၾကာင္းေတြက စိတ္၀င္စားဖို႕ေကာင္းပါတယ္ ။ လိုအပ္ရင္ ေအာက္ကလင့္မွာ ေဒါင္းသြားႏိုင္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ား၊


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Repair of Vehicle Bodies 1

ကားေဘာဒီ အလုပ္ရံု နဲ႕ ေဆးမွူတ္ လုပ္ငန္းလုပ္ကိုင္သူေတြ အတြက္ေတာ့ အေတာ္အသံုး၀င္မယ့္ စာအုပ္ လို႕ျမင္ပါတယ္။
ကြ်န္ေတာ္တို႕ဆီမွာ ကားေဘာ္ဒီသမား ေတြတူ ေတြနဲ႕ ထုဟ ႏွက္ ဟနဲ႕ လုပ္ၾကကိုင္ၾကပါတယ္ ။ နားေတာ့ပူသလား မေမးနဲ႕ တဂြမ္းဂြမ္းေနတာပဲ။ ေဆးမွုတ္တဲ့သူကလည္း compressor နဲ႕ တရြီးရြွီးမွုတ္ၾကပါတယ္။ အနားသြားလိုက္ရင္ ေဆးအနံ႕ေတြ လိွုင္ေနတာပါပဲ၊
ဒီစာအုပ္ ထဲမွာ ၾကိဳက္တာတခုက ေဖာ္ျပပါလုပ္ငန္းနဲ႕ပက္သက္တဲ႕ health and saftey အခန္းတခုပါ ပါတယ္။ ေနာက္ ဒီလုပ္ငန္း သံုးတဲ့ meatal and nonmetal ေတြ အေၾကာင္း ၊ ေနာက္ joining method ေတြအေၾကာင္း ေဆးမွူတ္လုပ္ငန္းနဲ႕ပက္သက္ရင္ colour mixing အေၾကာင္းေတြက စိတ္၀င္စားဖို႕ေကာင္းပါတယ္ ။ လိုအပ္ရင္ ေအာက္ကလင့္မွာ ေဒါင္းသြားႏိုင္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ား၊

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Tuesday, August 28, 2012

SURFACE DRESSING OF GRINDING WHEELS

Machine shop မွာ သံုးတဲ႕ crankshaft grinding machine , ေနာက္ surface grinding machine ရ႕ဲ grinding wheel ေတြကို dressing လုပ္တဲ႕ diamond tools  ရဲ႕ grit  size ေရြးခ်ယ္ျခင္း၊ ေနာက္ dressing operation ေတြအေၾကာင္းကို ေဖာ္ျပထားပါတယ္။ တြင္ခံု သမားေတြအတြက္ အသံုး၀င္ပါတယ္။လိုအပ္ရင္ ေအာက္ကလင့္မွာ ေဒါင္းသြားႏိုင္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ာ။

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Sunday, August 26, 2012

Automotive Power Systems 4




 HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES

MAIN COMPONENTS OF AN EV

 MAIN SAFETY COMPONENTS IN AN EV

INSTRUMENTATION

MAIN AUXILIARIES IN AN EV

TYPES OF POWER STORAGE USED IN EVS

EMISSIONS PERFORMANCE

SOLAR CARS

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL SURVEY ON ELECTRIC VEHICLES















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Automotive Power Systems 3

CONCEPT OF HYBRID VEHICLE DRIVETRAIN

SERIES HYBRID DRIVETRAIN

PARALLEL HYBRID DRIVETRAINS

DRIVETRAINS WITH SELECTABLE TORQUE COUPLING
AND SPEED COUPLING


PARALLEL-SERIES HYBRID DRIVETRAIN WITH TORQUE
COUPLING AND SPEED COUPLING

FUEL CELL-POWERED HYBRID DRIVETRAINMEDIAFIRE

Automotive Power Systems 2




1.PARALLEL CONFIGURATION

2.SERIES CONFIGURATION

3.COMBINATION ARCHITECTURES

4.GRID CONNECTED HYBRIDS














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Automotive Power Systems 1


1.EVOLUTION OF THE DISTRIBUTION ELECTRICAL SYSTEM

2.THE CONVENTIONAL SYSTEM OF ELECTRICAL
DISTRIBUTION IN AUTOMOBILES

3.WIRING SYSTEM

4.LOAD CONTROL: AUTOMOTIVE CONTROL
NETWORK PROTOCOLS

5.NEW ARCHITECTURES

6.ALTERNATIVE ARCHITECTURES

















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Saturday, August 25, 2012

AN INTRODUCTION TO PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCE

1 Impact of Maintenance ........................... 1
1.1 Maintenance management methods ...... 2
1.2 Optimizing predictive maintenance......... 10
2 Financial Implications and Cost
Justification ................................................ 23
2.1 Assessing the need for condition
monitoring ..................................................... 24
2.2 Cost justification ..................................... 25
2.3 Justifying predictive maintenance........... 29
2.4 Economics of preventive maintenance... 32
3 Role of Maintenance Organization ........ 43
3.1 Maintenance mission.............................. 43
3.2 Evaluation of the maintenance
organization .................................................. 44
3.3 Designing a predictive maintenance
program ........................................................ 50
4 Benefits of Predictive Maintenance....... 60
4.1 Primary uses of predictive
maintenance ................................................. 61
5 Machine-Train Monitoring
Parameters.................................................. 74
5.1 Drivers .................................................... 75
5.2 Intermediate drives ................................. 78
5.3 Driven components................................. 86
6 Predictive Maintenance Techniques ..... 99
6.1 Vibration monitoring................................ 99
6.2 Themography ......................................... 105
6.3 Tribology ................................................. 108
6.4 Visual inspections ................................... 111
6.5 Ultrasonics .............................................. 111
6.6 Other techniques .................................... 112
7 Vibration Monitoring and Analysis ........ 114
7.1 Vibration analysis applications ............... 114
7.2 Vibration analysis overview .................... 117
7.3 Vibration sources.................................... 122
7.4 Vibration theory ...................................... 125
7.5 Machine dynamics .................................. 132
7.6 Vibration data types and formats............ 146
7.7 Data acquisition ...................................... 152
7.8 Vibration analyses techniques ................ 161
Appendix 7.1 Abbreviations .......................... 165
Appendix 7.2 Glossary ................................. 166
Appendix 7.3 References ............................. 171
8 Thermography ......................................... 172
8.1 Infrared basics ........................................ 172
8.2 Types of infrared instruments ................. 174
8.3 Training................................................... 175
8.4 Basic infrared theory............................... 176
8.5 Infrared equipment ................................. 178
8.6 Infrared thermography safety ................. 179
8.7 Infrared thermography procedures ......... 179
8.8 Types of infrared problems..................... 179
Appendix 8.1 Abbreviations .......................... 183
Appendix 8.2 Glossary ................................. 183
Appendix 8.3 Electrical terminology ............. 187
Appendix 8.4 Materials list............................ 193
9 Tribology .................................................. 202
9.1 Lubricating oil analysis ........................... 203
9.2 Setting up an effective program.............. 208
10 Process Parameters.............................. 217
10.1 Pumps .................................................. 218
10.2 Fans, blowers, and fluidizers ................ 225
10.3 Conveyors ............................................ 229
10.4 Compressors ........................................ 229
10.5 Mixers and agitators ............................. 240
10.6 Dust collectors ...................................... 240
10.7 Process rolls ......................................... 241
10.8 Gearboxes/reducers ............................. 242
10.9 Steam traps .......................................... 249
10.10 Inverters.............................................. 249
10.11 Control valves ..................................... 249
10.12 Seals and packing .............................. 251
11 Ultrasonics............................................. 256
11.1 Ultrasonic applications.......................... 256
11.2 Types of ultrasonic systems ................. 257
11.3 Limitations ............................................ 258
12 Visual Inspection................................... 259
12.1 Visual inspection methods .................... 260
12.2 Thresholds ............................................ 263
13 Operating Dynamics Analysis ............. 267
13.1 It’s not predictive maintenance ............. 267
14 Failure-Mode Analysis .......................... 285
14.1 Common general failure modes ........... 286
14.2 Failure modes by machine-train
component.................................................... 301
15 Establishing A Predictive
Maintenance Program................................ 325
15.1 Goals, objectives, and benefits............. 325
15.2 Functional requirements ....................... 326
15.3 Selling predictive maintenance
programs ...................................................... 330
15.4 Selecting a predictive maintenance
system .......................................................... 334
15.5 Database development......................... 343
15.6 Getting started ...................................... 348
16 A Total-Plant Predictive
Maintenance Program................................ 352
16.1 The optimum predictive maintenance
program ........................................................ 353
16.2 Predictive is not enough ....................... 356
17 Maintaining the Program ...................... 389
17.1 Trending techniques ............................. 389
17.2 Analysis techniques.............................. 390
17.4 Additional training ................................. 392
17.5 Technical support ................................. 393
17.6 Contract predictive maintenance
programs ...................................................... 393
18 World-Class Maintenance .................... 394
18.1 What is world-class maintenance? ....... 394
18.2 Five fundamentals of world-class
performance ................................................. 395
18.3 Competitive advantage ......................... 396
18.4 Focus on quality ................................... 397
18.5 Focus on maintenance ......................... 398
18.6 Overall equimpment effectiveness ....... 402
18.7 Elements of effective maintenance....... 406
18.8 Responsibilities..................................... 412
18.9 Three types of maintenance ................. 413
18.10 Supervision ......................................... 419
18.11 Standard procedures .......................... 424
18.12 Workforce development...................... 426
Index ............................................................ 435

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Friday, August 24, 2012

HOW TO READ PARTS BOOK FOR KOMATSU

Contents
1. INTRODUCTION 2
2. MICROFICHE ILLUSTRATIONS 3·5
3. READING AND UNDERSTANDING
THE PARTS BOOK 6·12
(1 ) Figure and Index Number , , . . . .. 6
(2) Part Number , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
(3) Part Name : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 8
(4) Quantlty 9
(5) Serial Number 10
(6) Remarks 11·12




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BOLT AND NUT




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Hydraulic Fundamentals

UNIT 1:
Lesson 1: Safety
UNIT 2:
Lesson 1: Hydraulic Principles
UNIT 3:
Lesson 1: Hydraulic Tank
Lesson 2: Hydraulic Fluids
Lesson 3: Hydraulic Pumps and Motors
Lesson 4: Pressure Control Valves
Lesson 5: Direction Control Valves
Lesson 6: Flow Control Valves
Lesson 7: Cylinders
UNIT 4:
Lesson 1: Pilot Operated Implement Hydraulic System
GLOSSARY:
Glossary of Terms
Abbreviations
Table of Contents



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Tuesday, August 21, 2012

Engine Testing Theory and Practice





 Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
Introduction xi
Units and conversion factors xv
1 Test facility specification, system integration and project organization 1
2 The test cell as a thermodynamic system 14
3 Vibration and noise 21
4 Test cell and control room design: an overall view 47
5 Ventilation and air conditioning 72
6 Test cell cooling water and exhaust gas systems 108
7 Fuel and oil storage, supply and treatment 129
8 Dynamometers and the measurement of torque 144
9 Coupling the engine to the dynamometer 170
10 Electrical design considerations 197
11 Test cell control and data acquisition 216
12 Measurement of fuel, combustion air and oil consumption 242
13 Thermal efficiency, measurement of heat and mechanical losses 263
14 The combustion process and combustion analysis 282
15 The test department organization, health and safety management, risk
assessment correlation of results and design of experiments 308
16 Exhaust emissions 324
17 Tribology, fuel and lubrication testing 354
18 Chassis or rolling road dynamometers 368
19 Data collection, handling, post-test processing, engine calibration
and mapping 395
20 The pursuit and definition of accuracy: statistical analysis of test results 408
Index 423


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WASTEWATER ENGINEERING


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Welded design ± theory and practice

Preface ix
Introduction xii
1 The engineer 1
1.1 Responsibility of the engineer 1
1.2 Achievements of the engineer 3
1.3 The role of welding 7
1.4 Other materials 9
1.5 The welding engineer as part of the team 10
2 Metals 11
2.1 Steels 11
2.2 Aluminium alloys 20
3 Fabrication processes 22
3.1 Origins 22
3.2 Basic features of the commonly used welding processes 25
3.3 Cutting 32
3.4 Bending 32
3.5 Residual stresses and distortion 33
3.6 Post weld heat treatment 35
4 Considerations in designing a welded joint 36
4.1 Joints and welds 36
4.2 Terminology 39
4.3 Weld preparations 42
4.4 Dimensional tolerances 50
4.5 Access 52
5 Static strength 54
5.1 Butt welds 54
5.2 Fillet welds 55
6 Fatigue cracking 59
6.1 The mechanism 59
6.2 Welded joints 62
6.3 Residual stresses 67
6.4 Thickness effect 67
6.5 Environmental effects 68
6.6 Calculating the fatigue life of a welded detail 68
7 Brittle fracture 75
7.1 Conventional approaches to design against brittle fracture 75
7.2 Fracture toughness testing and specification 77
7.3 Fracture mechanics and other tests 79
8 Structural design 82
8.1 Structural forms 82
8.2 Design philosophies 90
8.3 Limit state design 95
9 Offshore structures 96
9.1 The needs of deepwater structures 96
9.2 The North Sea environment 98
9.3 The research 101
9.4 Platform design and construction 104
9.5 Service experience 105
10 Management systems 106
10.1 Basic requirements 106
10.2 Contracts and specifications 106
10.3 Formal management systems 108
10.4 Welded fabrication 109
11 Weld quality 111
11.1 Weld defects 111
11.2 Quality control 119
11.3 Welded repairs 126
vi Contents
11.4 Engineering critical assessment 127
12 Standards 131
12.1 What we mean by standards 131
12.2 Standard specifications 131
References 135
Bibliography 138
Index 139

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Monday, August 20, 2012

Vibration of Mechanical Systems


CONTENTS
Preface page xiii
1 Equivalent Single-Degree-of-Freedom System and Free
Vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Degrees of Freedom 3
1.2 Elements of a Vibratory System 5
1.2.1 Mass and/or Mass-Moment of Inertia 5
Pure Translational Motion 5
Pure Rotational Motion 6
Planar Motion (Combined Rotation
and Translation) of a Rigid Body 6
Special Case: Pure Rotation about a Fixed Point 8
1.2.2 Spring 8
Pure Translational Motion 8
Pure Rotational Motion 9
1.2.3 Damper 10
Pure Translational Motion 10
Pure Rotational Motion 11
1.3 Equivalent Mass, Equivalent Stiffness, and Equivalent
Damping Constant for an SDOF System 12
1.3.1 A Rotor–Shaft System 13
1.3.2 Equivalent Mass of a Spring 14
1.3.3 Springs in Series and Parallel 16
Springs in Series 16
Springs in Parallel 17
1.3.4 An SDOF System with Two Springs and Combined
Rotational and Translational Motion 19
1.3.5 Viscous Dampers in Series and Parallel 22
Contents
Dampers in Series 22
Dampers in Parallel 23
1.4 Free Vibration of an Undamped SDOF System 25
1.4.1 Differential Equation of Motion 25
Energy Approach 27
1.4.2 Solution of the Differential Equation of Motion
Governing Free Vibration of an Undamped
Spring–Mass System 34
1.5 Free Vibration of a Viscously Damped SDOF System 40
1.5.1 Differential Equation of Motion 40
1.5.2 Solution of the Differential Equation of Motion
Governing Free Vibration of a Damped
Spring–Mass System 41
Case I: Underdamped (0 < ξ < 1 or 0 < ceq < cc) 42
Case II: Critically Damped (ξ = 1 or ceq = cc) 45
Case III: Overdamped (ξ > 1 or ceq > cc) 46
1.5.3 Logarithmic Decrement: Identification of Damping
Ratio from Free Response of an Underdamped
System (0 < ξ < 1) 51
Solution 55
1.6 Stability of an SDOF Spring–Mass–Damper System 58
Exercise Problems 63
2 Vibration of a Single-Degree-of-Freedom System Under
Constant and PurelyHarmonic Excitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.1 Responses of Undamped and Damped SDOF Systems
to a Constant Force 72
Case I: Undamped (ξ = 0) and Underdamped
(0 < ξ < 1) 74
Case II: Critically Damped (ξ = 1 or ceq = cc) 75
Case III: Overdamped (ξ > 1 or ceq > cc) 76
2.2 Response of an Undamped SDOF System
to a Harmonic Excitation 82
Case I: ω = ωn 83
Case II: ω = ωn (Resonance) 84
Case I: ω = ωn 87
Case II: ω = ωn 87
2.3 Response of a Damped SDOF System to a Harmonic
Excitation 88
Particular Solution 89
Case I: Underdamped (0 < ξ < 1 or 0 < ceq < cc) 92
Case II: Critically Damped (ξ = 1 or ceq = cc) 92
Case III: Overdamped (ξ > 1 or ceq > cc) 94
2.3.1 Steady State Response 95
2.3.2 Force Transmissibility 101
2.3.3 Quality Factor and Bandwidth 106
Quality Factor 106
Bandwidth 107
2.4 Rotating Unbalance 109
2.5 Base Excitation 116
2.6 Vibration Measuring Instruments 121
2.6.1 Vibrometer 123
2.6.2 Accelerometer 126
2.7 Equivalent Viscous Damping for Nonviscous Energy
Dissipation 128
Exercise Problems 132
3 Responses of an SDOF Spring–Mass–Damper System
to Periodic andArbitrary Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
3.1 Response of an SDOF System to a Periodic Force 138
3.1.1 Periodic Function and its Fourier Series Expansion 139
3.1.2 Even and Odd Periodic Functions 142
Fourier Coefficients for Even Periodic Functions 143
Fourier Coefficients for Odd Periodic Functions 145
3.1.3 Fourier Series Expansion of a Function
with a Finite Duration 147
3.1.4 Particular Integral (Steady-State Response
with Damping) Under Periodic Excitation 151
3.2 Response to an Excitation with Arbitrary Nature 154
3.2.1 Unit Impulse Function δ(t − a) 155
3.2.2 Unit Impulse Response of an SDOF System
with Zero Initial Conditions 156
Case I: Undamped and Underdamped System
(0 ≤ ξ < 1) 158
Case II: Critically Damped (ξ = 1 or ceq = cc) 158
Case III: Overdamped (ξ >1 or ceq>cc) 159
3.2.3 Convolution Integral: Response to an Arbitrary
Excitation with Zero Initial Conditions 160
3.2.4 Convolution Integral: Response to an Arbitrary
Excitation with Nonzero Initial Conditions 165
Case I: Undamped and Underdamped
(0 ≤ ξ <1 or 0 ≤ ceq<cc) 166
Case II: Critically Damped (ξ = 1 or ceq = cc) 166
Case III: Overdamped (ξ > 1 or ceq > cc) 166
3.3 Laplace Transformation 168
3.3.1 Properties of Laplace Transformation 169
3.3.2 Response of an SDOF System via Laplace
Transformation 170
3.3.3 Transfer Function and Frequency Response
Function 173
Significance of Transfer Function 175
Poles and Zeros of Transfer Function 175
Frequency Response Function 176
Exercise Problems 179
4 Vibration of Two-Degree-of-Freedom-Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.1 Mass, Stiffness, and Damping Matrices 187
4.2 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 192
4.2.1 Eigenvalue/Eigenvector Interpretation 197
4.3 Free Response of an Undamped 2DOF System 198
Solution 200
4.4 Forced Response of an Undamped 2DOF System Under
Sinusoidal Excitation 201
4.5 Free Vibration of a Damped 2DOF System 203
4.6 Steady-State Response of a Damped 2DOF System
Under Sinusoidal Excitation 209
4.7 Vibration Absorber 212
4.7.1 Undamped Vibration Absorber 212
4.7.2 Damped Vibration Absorber 220
Case I: Tuned Case ( f = 1 or ω22 = ω11) 224
Case II: No restriction on f (Absorber not tuned
to main system) 224
4.8 Modal Decomposition of Response 227
Case I: Undamped System (C = 0) 228
Case II: Damped System (C = 0) 228
Exercise Problems 231
5 Finite and Infinite (Continuous) Dimensional Systems . . . . . . . . . . 237
5.1 Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Systems 237
5.1.1 Natural Frequencies and Modal Vectors
(Mode Shapes) 239
5.1.2 Orthogonality of Eigenvectors for Symmetric Mass
and Symmetric Stiffness Matrices 242
5.1.3 Modal Decomposition 245
Case I: Undamped System (C = 0) 246
Case II: Proportional or Rayleigh Damping 249
5.2 Continuous Systems Governed by Wave Equations 250
5.2.1 Transverse Vibration of a String 250
Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 251
Computation of Response 255
5.2.2 Longitudinal Vibration of a Bar 258
5.2.3 Torsional Vibration of a Circular Shaft 261
5.3 Continuous Systems: Transverse Vibration of a Beam 265
5.3.1 Governing Partial Differential Equation of Motion 265
5.3.2 Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes 267
Simply Supported Beam 269
Cantilever Beam 271
5.3.3 Computation of Response 273
5.4 Finite Element Analysis 279
5.4.1 Longitudinal Vibration of a Bar 279
Total Kinetic and Potential Energies of the Bar 283
5.4.2 Transverse Vibration of a Beam 286
Total Kinetic and Potential Energies of the Beam 291
Exercise Problems 295
APPENDIX A: EQUIVALENT STIFFNESSES (SPRING
CONSTANTS) OF BEAMS, TORSIONAL SHAFT, AND
LONGITUDINAL BAR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
APPENDIX B: SOME MATHEMATICAL FORMULAE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
APPENDIX C: LAPLACE TRANSFORM TABLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
References 305
Index 307
 ျမန္မာအင္ဂ်င္နီယာဖိုရမ္မွ ေအးေက်ာ္ထူး လင့္မွရရွိပါသည္။ ကိုေအးေက်ာ္ထူးကို ေက်းဇူးတင္ပါသည္။

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Saturday, August 18, 2012

PARTS CATALOGUE FOR Komatsu Loader WA 470 serial number 53001 and up

စက္တစီးျပင္ဆင္မယ္ဆိုရင္ လိုအပ္လာေသာ parts ကို မွာယူႏိုင္ဖို႕သက္ဆိုင္ရာ PARTS CALTALOGUE  ေတြကို ကိုးကားထားရပါတယ္။ ဒီစာအုပ္ကေတာ့ Komatsu Loader WA 470 serial number 53001 and up  အတြက္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္ ။လုိအပ္ရင္ ေအာက္ကလင့္ မွာ ေဒါင္းသြားႏိုင္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ား။

downlaod link: MEDIAFIRE

Komatsu Loader WA 470 serial number 53001 and up


စက္တစီးျပင္ဆင္ေတာ့မယ္ဆိုရင္ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ wrokshop mannual ေတြကို မျဖစ္မေန ကိုးကားရပါတယ္။ ဘာလို႕လဲဆိုေတာ့ company က ထုတ္တဲ့ ပစၥည္းကို သူ႕company ကေပးတဲ့ repair limit ေတြအတိုင္းျပင္ဆင္ဖို႕လိုအပ္လို႕ပါပဲ တခ်ိဳ႕အရပ္ထဲမွာ ေျပာေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ မလိုပါဘူးကြာ တဲ့ ဒါမဟုတ္ေသးပါဘူး ၊ ဥပမာ crankshaft နဲ႕ main bearing ၾကားထဲက clearance ဘယ္ေလာက္ထားလဲလိဳ႕ ေမးၾကည့္ေတာ့ ဂ်ာနယ္ စာရြက္ တထုစာတဲ့၊ အဲဒါအိုေကပဲတဲ့ ။ စကားပံု တခုရွိပါတယ္ ။ A little knowledge is very dangerous  တဲ့ ။ ထားပါေတာ့ ဗ်ာ အဲဒီဂ်ာနယ္ စာရြက္ထုတ္တဲ့ ဟာက အျမဲတမ္း ထပ္တူညီ တဲ့ အထူ ေတြကို အျမဲတမ္းထုတ္ႏုိင္ပါ့မလား၊ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တို႕စက္ျပင္ပညာရပ္ ၾကီးၾကီးက်ယ္က်ယ္ေျပာရင္ mechanical ပညာရပ္ပိုင္းမွာ instruments ေတြနဲ႕ အလြန္တိက်စြာ တိုင္းတာ ရတဲ့အပိုင္းေတြရွိပါတယ္။ ဆံခ်ည္ မ်ွင္ထက္ေသးငယ္တဲ့အပိုင္းေတြ အထိေပါ့ ။ အဲေတာ့ ဒီ wear limit ေတြကို ၾကည့္ျပီး စက္ပစၥည္းအစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြကို ျပန္သံုးမလား အသစ္လဲမလား ျပင္သံုးမလား စသျဖင့္ ဆံုးျဖတ္ဖို႕ Mannuals ေတြကို ကိုးကားထားရပါတယ္။ ဒီစာအုပ္ကေတာ့ Komatsu Loader WA 470 serial number 53001 and up အတြက္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္ ။လုိအပ္ရင္ ေအာက္ကလင့္ မွာ ေဒါင္းသြားႏိုင္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ား။


download link: Medaifire











Friday, August 17, 2012

Komatsu Loader WA 320-3 serial number 50003 and up


















စက္တစီးျပင္ဆင္ေတာ့မယ္ဆိုရင္ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ wrokshop mannual ေတြကို မျဖစ္မေန ကိုးကားရပါတယ္။ ဘာလို႕လဲဆိုေတာ့ company က ထုတ္တဲ့ ပစၥည္းကို သူ႕company ကေပးတဲ့ repair limit ေတြအတိုင္းျပင္ဆင္ဖို႕လိုအပ္လို႕ပါပဲ တခ်ိဳ႕အရပ္ထဲမွာ ေျပာေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ မလိုပါဘူးကြာ တဲ့ ဒါမဟုတ္ေသးပါဘူး ၊ ဥပမာ crankshaft နဲ႕ main bearing ၾကားထဲက clearance ဘယ္ေလာက္ထားလဲလိဳ႕ ေမးၾကည့္ေတာ့ ဂ်ာနယ္ စာရြက္ တထုစာတဲ့၊ အဲဒါအိုေကပဲတဲ့ ။ စကားပံု တခုရွိပါတယ္ ။ A little knowledge is very dangerous  တဲ့ ။ ထားပါေတာ့ ဗ်ာ အဲဒီဂ်ာနယ္ စာရြက္ထုတ္တဲ့ ဟာက အျမဲတမ္း ထပ္တူညီ တဲ့ အထူ ေတြကို အျမဲတမ္းထုတ္ႏုိင္ပါ့မလား၊ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တို႕စက္ျပင္ပညာရပ္ ၾကီးၾကီးက်ယ္က်ယ္ေျပာရင္ mechanical ပညာရပ္ပိုင္းမွာ instruments ေတြနဲ႕ အလြန္တိက်စြာ တိုင္းတာ ရတဲ့အပိုင္းေတြရွိပါတယ္။ ဆံခ်ည္ မ်ွင္ထက္ေသးငယ္တဲ့အပိုင္းေတြ အထိေပါ့ ။ အဲေတာ့ ဒီ wear limit ေတြကို ၾကည့္ျပီး စက္ပစၥည္းအစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြကို ျပန္သံုးမလား အသစ္လဲမလား ျပင္သံုးမလား စသျဖင့္ ဆံုးျဖတ္ဖို႕ Mannuals ေတြကို ကိုးကားထားရပါတယ္။ ဒီစာအုပ္ကေတာ့ Komatsu Loader WA 320-3 serial number 50003 and up အတြက္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္ ။လုိအပ္ရင္ ေအာက္ကလင့္ မွာ ေဒါင္းသြားႏိုင္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ား။

 downlaod link:   Media



Thursday, August 16, 2012

Komatsu Dozer D 70 LE-12 , serial number 60003 and up


















စက္တစီးျပင္ဆင္ေတာ့မယ္ဆိုရင္ သက္ဆိုင္ရာ wrokshop mannual ေတြကို မျဖစ္မေန ကိုးကားရပါတယ္။ ဘာလို႕လဲဆိုေတာ့ company က ထုတ္တဲ့ ပစၥည္းကို သူ႕company ကေပးတဲ့ repair limit ေတြအတိုင္းျပင္ဆင္ဖို႕လိုအပ္လို႕ပါပဲ တခ်ိဳ႕အရပ္ထဲမွာ ေျပာေလ့ရွိပါတယ္။ မလိုပါဘူးကြာ တဲ့ ဒါမဟုတ္ေသးပါဘူး ၊ ဥပမာ crankshaft နဲ႕ main bearing ၾကားထဲက clearance ဘယ္ေလာက္ထားလဲလိဳ႕ ေမးၾကည့္ေတာ့ ဂ်ာနယ္ စာရြက္ တထုစာတဲ့၊ အဲဒါအိုေကပဲတဲ့ ။ စကားပံု တခုရွိပါတယ္ ။ A little knowledge is very dangerous  တဲ့ ။ ထားပါေတာ့ ဗ်ာ အဲဒီဂ်ာနယ္ စာရြက္ထုတ္တဲ့ ဟာက အျမဲတမ္း ထပ္တူညီ တဲ့ အထူ ေတြကို အျမဲတမ္းထုတ္ႏုိင္ပါ့မလား၊ ကြ်န္ေတာ္တို႕စက္ျပင္ပညာရပ္ ၾကီးၾကီးက်ယ္က်ယ္ေျပာရင္ mechanical ပညာရပ္ပိုင္းမွာ instruments ေတြနဲ႕ အလြန္တိက်စြာ တိုင္းတာ ရတဲ့အပိုင္းေတြရွိပါတယ္။ ဆံခ်ည္ မ်ွင္ထက္ေသးငယ္တဲ့အပိုင္းေတြ အထိေပါ့ ။ အဲေတာ့ ဒီ wear limit ေတြကို ၾကည့္ျပီး စက္ပစၥည္းအစိတ္အပိုင္းေတြကို ျပန္သံုးမလား အသစ္လဲမလား ျပင္သံုးမလား စသျဖင့္ ဆံုးျဖတ္ဖို႕ Mannuals ေတြကို ကိုးကားထားရပါတယ္။ ဒီစာအုပ္ကေတာ့ Komatsu Dozer D 70 LE-12 , serial number 60003 and up အတြက္ျဖစ္ပါတယ္ ။လုိအပ္ရင္ ေအာက္ကလင့္ မွာ ေဒါင္းသြားႏိုင္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ား။


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Friday, August 10, 2012

Engine Maintenance Management

  1. Dealer Survey Results Indicate
  2. Repair Before Failure
  3. Before-failure Repair Options
  4. Recognize Repair Indicators
  5. Repair Cost Comparison
  6. Reusability Specification on Reconditioning
  7. Preventive Maintenance - Lubricants
  8. Change Oil Properly
  9. Control Contamination with Proper Filter Use
  10. How Important Is Clean Fuel
  11. Sources of Contamination
  12. Reduce the Chance of Cooling System Problems
  13. Effective Engine Maintenance Management
  14. Repair Options Concept
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စက္၊ယာဥ္ ယႏၱရားမ်ားတြင္ စက္ကိုမပ်က္ခင္ဘယ္အခ်ိန္ျပင္မလဲ


 စက္ဆိုတာ မျပင္ရင္ပ်က္မွာပဲတဲ့။ စက္ဆိုတာျပင္ရတဲ့အမ်ိဳးပါဗ်ာ ။အဲေတာ့ဘယ္အခ်ိန္ျပင္ရ မွာ လဲ။
စက္၊ယာဥ္ ယႏၱရားမ်ားျပင္ဆင္သည့္အခါ မပ်က္ခင္ျပင္ရသည့္အစိတ္အပိုင္းမ်ားရွိပါသည္။ လူေတြလိုပါပဲ ေရာဂါ မျဖစ္ခင္ၾကိဳတင္ကာကြယ္ရတဲ့သေဘာပါပဲ ၾကိဳတင္မျပင္ဆင္ရင္ဘာေတြျဖစ္လာမလဲဆိုရင္ ပ်က္ျပီးမွျပင္တဲ့ကုန္က်စရိတ္ကပိုမ်ားလာမွာျဖစ္ပါတယ္။ အဲေတာ့ စက္ေတြမွာ repair before failure ဆိုတဲ့ စကားက အလြန္မွတ္သားဖို႕ေကာင္းပါတယ္။ ဒီစာအုပ္ထဲမွာ စက္၊ယာဥ္ယႏၱရားေတြရဲ့ ဘယ္ေနရာေတြမွာ repair before failure ကိုလိုက္နာရမယ္ဆိုတာကို ပံုေတြနဲ႕ေသခ်ာရွင္းျပထားပါတယ္။ engine ကေနစျပီး drive line တေလ်ာက္အဆင့္အလိုက္ေသခ်ာရွင္းျပထားပါတယ္ basic concept ေတြလည္းစိတ္၀င္စားဖို႕ေကာင္းပါတယ္။ ဒီထဲက ၾကိဳက္တဲ့ စကားတစ္ခြန္းကေတာ့ စက္ေမာင္းသမားတိုင္းက ေတာ့စက္ကိုပ်က္တဲ့ထိေမာင္းႏိုင္ၾကတာပါပဲတဲ့ ဒါေပမယ့္ တကယ့္ကြ်မ္းက်င္တဲ့သူဆိုတာ စက္ကိုမပ်က္ခင္ ဘယ္အခ်ိန္မွာ ျပဳျပင္ရမလဲဆိုတာကိုသိတဲ့သူပါပဲတဲ့။အိုေကပါ လိုခ်င္ရင္ ေအာက္ကလင့္မွာ ေဒါင္းႏိုင္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ား။

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လမ္းၾကိတ္စက္ (compactor)



အရပ္ထဲမွာေတာ့ လမ္းၾကိတ္စက္လို႕ေခၚပါတယ္ အဲေတာ့ ဒီ compactor နဲ႕ပက္သက္တဲ့ အခ်က္အလက္ေတြ လိုခ်င္ရင္ဒီစာအုပ္ကမဆိုးပါဘူး ေလ့လာခ်င္ရင္ ေအာက္ကလင့္မွာေဒါင္းႏိုင္ပါတယ္ခင္ဗ်ား

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Sunday, August 5, 2012

Pressure Control Valves



Pressure Control Valves are used to control the pressure in a circuit
or in a system. The valve function will remain the same although the
design may change. Examples of pressure control valves include
relief valves, sequence valves, pressure reducing valves, pressure
differential valves and unloading valves.

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UNIT CONVERTOR



ဒီဘေလာ့မွာ ေဆာ့ဖ္၀ဲ မတင္ျဖစ္ေပမယ့္ စက္ျပင္ လုပ္ငန္းခြင္ မွာတိုင္းထြာ ရတာေတြပါေတာ့ ဒီ ယူနစ္ခ်ိန္းတဲ့ေဆာ့၀ဲ ကလည္းအသံုး၀င္ပါတယ္ ။ဒါေၾကာင့္ လိုအပ္သူေတြ သံုးနိုင္ေအာင္တင္ေပးလိုက္ပါတယ္။ portable software တခုပါ။ မဆိုးပါဘူး

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Saturday, August 4, 2012

Basic Transmission (CAT DOZER)





















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MECHANICAL SCIENCE Volume 2 of 2


LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
VALVE FUNCTIONS AND BASIC PARTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Valve Body . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Valve Bonnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Valve Trim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Valve Actuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Valve Packing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction to the Types of Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
TYPES OF VALVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Gate Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Gate Valve Disk Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Gate Valve Stem Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Gate Valve Seat Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Globe Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Globe Valve Body Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Globe Valve Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Globe Valve Disk and Stem Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Globe Valve Seats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Globe Valve Direction of Flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Ball Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Ball Valve Stem Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Ball Valve Bonnet Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Ball Valve Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Plug Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Plug Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Multiport Plug Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Plug Valve Disks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Lubricated Plug Valve Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Nonlubricated Plugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Rev. 0 Page i ME-04
TABLE OF CONTENTS DOE-HDBK-1018/2-93 Valves
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
Manually Operated Plug Valve Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Plug Valve Glands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Diaphragm Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Diaphragm Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Diaphragm Valve Stem Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Diaphragm Valve Bonnet Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Reducing Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Pinch Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Pinch Valve Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Butterfly Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Butterfly Valve Seat Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Butterfly Valve Body Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Butterfly Valve Disk and Stem Assemblies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Needle Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Needle Valve Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Needle Valve Body Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Check Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Swing Check Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Tilting Disk Check Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Lift Check Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Piston Check Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Butterfly Check Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Stop Check Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Relief And Safety Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Pilot-Operated Relief Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
VALVE ACTUATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Manual, Fixed, and Hammer Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Electric Motor Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Pneumatic Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Hydraulic Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Self-Actuated Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Solenoid Actuated Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Speed of Power Actuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Valve Position Indication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
ME-04 Page ii Rev. 0
Valves DOE-HDBK-1018/2-93 LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Basic Parts of a Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 2 Rising Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Figure 3 Nonrising Stems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Figure 4 Gate Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 5 Solid Wedge Gate Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 6 Flexible Wedge Gate Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 7 Split Wedge Gate Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 8 Parallel Disk Gate Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 9 Z-Body Globe Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 10 Y-Body Globe Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Figure 11 Angle Globe Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Figure 12 Typical Ball Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Figure 13 Plug Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Figure 14 Straight-Through Diaphragm Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 15 Weir Diaphragm Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 16 Variable Reducing Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Figure 17 Non-Variable Reducing Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Figure 18 Pinch Valves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Figure 19 Typical Butterfly Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Figure 20 Needle Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Rev. 0 Page iii ME-04
LIST OF FIGURES DOE-HDBK-1018/2-93 Valves
LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
Figure 21 Bar-Stock Instrument Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Figure 22 Swing Check Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Figure 23 Operation of Tilting Disk Check Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Figure 24 Lift Check Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Figure 25 Piston Check Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Figure 26 Butterfly Check Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figure 27 Stop Check Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Figure 28 Relief Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Figure 29 Safety Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
Figure 30 Fixed Handwheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Figure 31 Hammer Handwheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Figure 32 Manual Gear Head . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Figure 33 Electric Motor Actuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Figure 34 Pneumatic Actuator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Figure 35 Solenoid Actuated Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
ME-04 Page iv Rev. 0
Valves DOE-HDBK-1018/2-93 LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF TABLES
  None
Rev. 0 Page v ME-04
REFERENCES DOE-HDBK-1018/2-93 Valves
REFERENCES
  Babcock & Wilcox, Steam, Its Generation and Use, Babcock & Wilcox Co., 1978.
  Cheremisinoff, N. P., Fluid Flow, Pumps, Pipes and Channels, Ann Arbor Science.
  Heat Transfer, Thermodynamics and Fluid Flow Fundamentals, Columbia, MD, General
Physics Corporation, Library of Congress Card #A 326517, 1982.
  Schweitzer, Philip A., Handbook of Valves, Industrial Press Inc.
  Stewart, Harry L., Pneumatics & Hydraulics, Theodore Audel & Company, 1984.
ME-04

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MECHANICAL SCIENCE Volume 1 of 2



LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii
LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
OBJECTIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
DIESEL ENGINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Diesel Engines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Major Components of a Diesel Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Diesel Engine Support Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exhaust System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Operational Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
FUNDAMENTALS OF THE DIESEL CYCLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Basic Diesel Cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
The Four-Stoke Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
The Two-Stroke Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
DIESEL ENGINE SPEED, FUEL CONTROLS,
AND PROTECTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Engine Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Fuel Injectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Governor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Operation of a Governor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Starting Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Engine Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Rev. 0 Page i ME-01
LIST OF FIGURES DOE-HDBK-1018/1-93 Diesel Engine Fundamentals
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Example of a Large Skid-Mounted, Diesel-Driven Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Figure 2 Cutaway of a Four-Stroke Supercharged Diesel Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Figure 3 Cross Section of a V-type Four Stroke Diesel Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Figure 4 The Cylinder Block . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Figure 5 Diesel Engine Wet Cylinder Sleeve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Figure 6 Piston and Piston Rod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Figure 7 Diesel Engine Crankshaft and Bearings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Figure 8 Diesel Engine Valve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 9 Diesel Engine Camshaft and Drive Gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Figure 10 Diesel Engine Valve Train . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Figure 11 Diesel Engine Cooling System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Figure 12 Diesel Engine Internal Lubrication System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Figure 13 Diesel Engine Fuel Flowpath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Figure 14 Oil Bath Air Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Figure 15 Compression Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figure 16 Scavenging and Intake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Figure 17 Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Figure 18 Fuel Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 19 Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Figure 20 Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Figure 21 2-Stroke Exhaust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
ME-01 Page ii Rev. 0
Diesel Engine Fundamentals DOE-HDBK-1018/1-93 LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
Figure 22 2-Stroke Intake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Figure 23 2-Stroke Compression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 24 2-Stroke Fuel Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 25 2-Stroke Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Figure 26 Fuel Injector Cutaway . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Figure 27 Fuel Injector Plunger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Figure 28 Simplified Mechanical-Hydraulic Governor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Figure 29 Cutaway of a Woodward Governor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Rev. 0 Page iii ME-01
LIST OF TABLES DOE-HDBK-1018/1-93 Diesel Engine Fundamentals
LIST OF TABLES
  NONE
ME-01 Page iv Rev. 0
Diesel Engine Fundamentals DOE-HDBK-1018/1-93 REFERENCES
REFERENCES
  Benson & Whitehouse, Internal Combustion Engines, Pergamon.
  Cheremisinoff, N. P., Fluid Flow, Pumps, Pipes and Channels, Ann Arbor Science.
  Scheel, Gas and Air Compression Machinery, McGraw/Hill.
  Skrotzki and Vopat, Steam and Gas Turbines, McGraw/Hill.
  Stinson, Karl W., Diesel Engineering Handbook, Diesel Publications Incorporated.

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CLUTCH PLATE AND DISC



INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FAILURE SIGNS AND DIAGNOSIS FOR REUSAGE . . . . . . . . 2
• Check points of parts for reusability
• Standards for failure determination
• Measuring methods
FAILURE ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
• Failure causes
TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF FAILURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
• Disc failures
• Plate failures
PROCEDURES FOR RECONDITIONING DISCS
AND PLATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
• Discs
• Plates
CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTION OF CLUTCHES. . . . . . . . 33
• Construction of clutches and their classification by applications
• Discs
• Plates
• Materials and applicable heat treatments of discs and plates
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

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BEARING




INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
REPRESENTATIVE BEARING FAILURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
FAILURE SIGNS AND DIAGNOSIS
FOR REUSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
• Outer race
• Inner race
• Balls (or rollers) and cage
FAILURES AND THEIR CAUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
• Failure times and their causes
• Erroneous bearing selection
• Improper handling and installation of bearings
• Parts failures other than bearings
• Failures due to lubricant
• Faulty sealing units
BEARING BASICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
• Types of bearings
• Nomenclature
• Bearing characteristics
• Bearing lubrication
• Bearing service life
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

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FLOATING SEAL

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FAILURE SIGNS AND DIAGNOSIS FOR REUSE . . . . . . . . . . . 2
• Inspection points for parts reusage diagnosis
• Standards for turning a sealed & lubricated track
• Standards for reusage of track parts
• Failure signs and diagnosis for reuse
• Seals, bushings, spacers, links and pins
EXAMPLES OF FAILURE ANALYSES
OF SEALED & LUBRICATED TRACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
• General
• Structure of sealed & lubricated track
• Functions of sealed & lubricated track parts
• Materials and heat treatment
TECHNICAL POINTS REQUIRED
FOR A "WET TURN" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
• Functional requirements for lubrication of
pins, bushings, etc.
• Precautions for the sealing mechanism
• Precautions for the track link movement while
traveling (crawling)
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

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LUBRICATED TRACKS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FAILURE SIGNS AND DIAGNOSIS FOR REUSE . . . . . . . . . . . 2
• Inspection points for parts reuse diagnosis
• Standards for reuse of track parts
• Failure signs and diagnosis for reuse
• Seals, bushings, spacers, links and pins
EXAMPLES OF FAILURE ANALYSES
OF SEALED & LUBRICATED TRACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
• Structure of the sealed & lubricated track
• Materials and heat treatment
• Progress of wear and rebuilding of track
TECHNICAL POINTS REQUIRED
FOR AN "OIL TURN" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
• Functional requirements for lubrication of
pins, bushings, etc.
• Precautions for the sealing mechanism
• Precautions for the track link movement during travel
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

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Oil Management














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့HYDRAULIC ေရာ္ဘာ ပိုက္မ်ားအေၾကာင္း


INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FAILURE SIGNS AND DIAGNOSIS FOR REUSE . . . . . . . . . . . 2
• Inspection Points for Parts Reuse Diagnosis
• Standards for Failure Determination
• Standards for Reuse of Hydraulic Hose Parts
EXAMPLES OF FAILURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
• Adapter Seals
• Adapter-Hose Interface
• Hoses
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
• Functions
• Hose Structure
• Adapter Structure
• Hose Brands
• Hose Parts Number
FAILURES AND THEIR CAUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
• Maintenance
• Precautions when Storing Hoses
• Precautions when Installing Hoses
• Physical Effects of Long-Term Storage

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CYLINDER LINERS, PISTONS AND PISTON RINGS


INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FAILURE SIGNS, THEIR CAUSES AND DIAGNOSIS
FOR REUSAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
• Inspection points for parts reusage diagnosis
• Standards for failure determination
TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF FAILURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
• Cylinder head failures
• Piston failures
• Piston ring failures
FAILURES AND THEIR CAUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
• Lubricating oil
• Cooling water
• Air intake (dust)
• Machine operation
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
• Cylinder liners
• Pistons
• Piston rings
BASIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
SURFACE TREATMENT FOR CYLINDER LINERS
AND PISTON RINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

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Cylinder head and valve


INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
FAILURE SIGNS, THEIR CAUSES AND DIAGNOSIS
FOR REUSAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
• Inspection points for parts reusage diagnosis
• Standards for failure determination
TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF FAILURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
• Cylinder head failures
• Valve failures
FAILURES AND THEIR CAUSES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
• Cooling water
• Lubricating oil
• Fuel
• Air intake
PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
CONSTRUCTION AND FUNCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
• Cylinder heads
• Valves
BASIC MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

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Thursday, August 2, 2012

THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF A DOZER




ENGINES
TORQUE CONVERTERS
TRANSMISSIONS
DIFFERENTIALS
FINAL DRIVES
BRAKES
TYRES
UNDERCARRIAGE
STEERING
OPERATOR’S COMPARTMENT
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
LOADER RATINFS
MAINTENANCE AS A
CONSIDERATION
THE DEALER
SUMMARY






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